e-ISSN: 2549-0257 Publisher: Masters Program in Public Health, Sebelas Maret University Jl. Ir Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia Editor in Chief: Dr. Annang Giri Moelyo, dr., Sp.A (K)., M.Kes. Description: Journal of Maternal and Child Health (JMCH) is an electronic, open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes research articles on a broad range of topics related to maternal and child health. The journal began its publication on January, 2016, and was published four times yearly. Due to an increasing demand of research work publication, starting Volume 4 Issue 5 the JMCH is published bi-monthly, consisting of 12 articles in each issue. This journal aims to improve knowledge in maternal and child health, and ultimately the health of maternal and child population worldwide. JMCH covers a broad range of disciplines including obstetrics, gynecology, reproductive health, pediatrics, neonatology, nutrition, family planning, developmental psychology, sociology, demography, epidemiology, public health, and preventive medicine. The journal addresses such topics as social determinants of health and disease and disparities in communicable and non-communicable diseases burden affecting the health of infants, children, women, adolescents, and families across the lifespan. Diseases or health care issues affecting populations in the developing world are currently under-documented and underreported in the existing international journals. Therefore, the JMCH encourages authors from developing countries to publish their research papers in this journal. All articles are immediately and permanently free to read and download in pdf files. All of the papers published are freely available as downloadable pdf files. JMCH is currently abstracted and indexed in CABI Global Health, Google Scholar, CrossRef, SINTA, GARUDA. This journal is accredited by the Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education, Government of Indonesia, No 85/M/KPT/2020 No. 21/E/KPT/2018, effective from April 2020 to 2025.
Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia
Factors Related to Depressive Symptoms among Individuals with Positive Syphilis Screening Results
Background: Syphilis, a sexually transmitted infection caused by Treponema pallidum, is not only associated with physical manifestations but also an increased risk of depressive symptoms. This study aimed to examine factors associated with depressive symptoms among syphilis-positive blood donors in Surabaya, with particular attention to family involvement and blood donation frequency. Subjects and Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 186 prospective blood donors with reactive syphilis screening results in Surabaya, Indonesia. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and family involvement was measured using the Family Support Scale (FSS). Blood donation frequency was categorized as regular (≥ 6 donations) or non-regular (< 6 donations) prior to the diagnosis of syphilis. Data were tested using multivariable binary logistic regression. Results: Higher levels of depressive symptoms were significantly associated with older age, being unmarried, lower family involvement, and non-regular blood donation in the bivariate analysis. Non-regular blood donation was significantly associated with depressive symptoms (p = 0.023). In the multivariable logistic regression analysis, male sex (OR= 0.320, p= 0.002) and early adulthood (OR= 6.215, p= 0.002) emerged as independent predictors of depressive symptoms. Conclusion: Depressive symptoms among individuals with positive syphilis screening results are significantly associated with demographic and psychosocial variables. Although family involvement and donation frequency were not independent predictors in the multivariable model, they remain relevant considerations for public health interventions aimed at improving mental health outcomes in this population.
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Maternal and Child Health
Association of Nutritional Status and Glycemic Control with Lipid Profile and Metabolic Syndrome in Adolescents with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus at Dr. Moewardi Regional Hospital, Indonesia
Background: Adolescent type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is becoming more common worldwide, a trend tied to obesity, metabolic syndrome, and dyslipidemia that raise cardiovascular risk from a young age. In Indonesia, evidence describing adolescents with this condition is still scarce. The present study sought to examine how nutritional status and glycemic control relate to lipid profile and metabolic syndrome among adolescents with T2DM treated at Dr. Moewardi Regional Hospital. Subjects and Method: A cross-sectional analytic observational design was applied to 51 patients with T2DM, aged 12–18 years, at Dr. Moewardi Regional Hospital. The variables assessed comprised age, sex, body mass index (BMI), presence of metabolic syndrome, HbA1c, and a fasting lipid panel (total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, triglycerides). For bivariate testing, the Chi-Square/ Fisher’s Exact Test and the Mann-Whitney U test were applied, whereas the link between HbA1c and the lipid panel was examined through Spearman correlation. Independent predictors were then explored using binary logistic regression. Results: Among the 51 patients, females predominated (92.2%), the 12–14 year bracket was most frequent (49.0%), and the mean HbA1c at diagnosis reached 12.66 ± 2.88%. Obesity was present in 52.9% and metabolic syndrome in 51.0%. Levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL were markedly elevated among those with metabolic syndrome (all p<0.001). HbA1c correlated strongly and positively with triglycerides (rs=0.752; p<0.001) and LDL (rs=0.674; p<0.001). On multivariate testing, obesity emerged as an independent predictor of metabolic syndrome (OR=166.12; CI95% 9.88 to 2792.23; p<0.001). Conclusion: Obesity, metabolic syndrome, and dyslipidemia were highly prevalent in these adolescents with T2DM. Because both obesity and inadequate glycemic control were significantly associated with the metabolic disease burden, early screening together with comprehensive management of cardiometabolic comorbidities is warranted.
Multilevel Analysis of Individual and Contextual Determinants of Compliance with Complete Postnatal Care Visits in Sragen Regency, Indonesia
Background: Compliance with complete postnatal care (PNC) visits is essential for the early detection of postpartum complications and the prevention of maternal morbidity and mortality. However, the coverage of complete postnatal care visits in several areas of Sragen Regency remains below the national target. This study aimed to examine the individual- and contextual-level determinants of compliance with complete PNC visits in Sragen Regency, Indonesia. Subjects and Method: This analytic observational study employed a cross-sectional design and was conducted in six primary healthcare centers in Sragen Regency, comprising three urban and three rural facilities. A total of 162 postpartum women were selected using purposive sampling. The dependent variable was compliance with complete postnatal care (PNC) visits. Individual-level independent variables included maternal age, educational level, employment status, parity, pregnancy risk status, mode of delivery, and knowledge of postnatal care, while the contextual-level variable was the category of the primary healthcare centers (urban or rural). Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and the Maternal and Child Health (MCH) handbook and were analyzed using multilevel logistic regression in STATA version 17. Results: Compliance with complete PNC visits was significantly higher among women of optimal reproductive age (aOR=6.75; p=0.027), those with higher education (aOR=5.20; p=0.015), unemployed women (aOR=3.06; p=0.026), primiparous women (aOR=4.41; p=0.002), women with high-risk pregnancies (aOR=4.34; p=0.004), women who had operative deliveries (aOR= 6.76; p=0.002), and women with good knowledge of postnatal care (aOR=16.98; p<0.001). There was a contextual effect of the primary healthcare service, with ICC= 9.70%. Conclusion: Compliance with complete postnatal care visits was influenced by both individual characteristics and the contextual characteristics of primary healthcare centers. Strengthening maternal knowledge and implementing context-specific postnatal care strategies are needed to improve the coverage of complete postnatal care visits.
Longitudinal Association Between Birth Weight, Birth Length, and Linear Growth in Early Childhood
Background: Linear growth in early childhood is a vital indicator of health and largely determined by birth weight and length. The influence of birth size diminishes with age, yet the timing of this decline remains unclear in Indonesian children. This study aims to examine the influence of birth weight and birth length on linear growth among Indonesian children under five years of age and to determine the age at which these factors no longer play a significant role in body height. Subjects and Method: A retrospective cohort design was used, including a total of 2,287 children aged 0–60 months in Kayong Regency, West Kalimantan, Indonesia, by the year 2023-2024. Birth weight and length data were collected retrospectively from Child Health Books, and height-for-age z score (HAZ) was measured at the time of the study descriptive statistics were used to summarize the basic characteristics of the cohort. Results: The linear regression results demonstrated that both birth weight and birth length had a significant association with HAZ in 0-60 months of age. However, this association diminished markedly with age. The effect of birth weight and birth length on linear growth status (HAZ) is more objective statistical interpretation up to 30–36 months of age. These comparisons suggest that while the statistical influence of birth weight and birth length on HAZ diminishes around 30–36 months, the biological effects of early growth constraints may persist beyond this threshold, particularly in environments where nutritional recovery or healthcare access is limited. Conclusion: The influence of birth anthropometric, particularly birth weight and birth length, on children’s linear growth, measured by height-for-age Z-score (HAZ), is strongest during early life and gradually decreases with age.
Association Between Hypertension in Pregnancy and Neonatal Head Circumference at Dr. Moewardi Hospital, Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia
Background: Hypertension during pregnancy remains a major obstetric complication that contributes significantly to maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. This condition may lead to uteroplacental insufficiency, resulting in impaired fetal growth and development. Neonatal head circumference is commonly used as an indicator of intrauterine brain growth; however, evidence regarding its association with hypertension in pregnancy is still limited. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between hypertension in pregnancy and neonatal head circumference at Dr. Moewardi Hospital, Surakarta. Subjects and Method: This was a cross-sectional study conducted at Dr. Moewardi Hospital, Surakarta, Indonesia. The study included 80 mother–newborn pairs selected using purposive sampling from medical records between 2023 and 2025. The independent variable was hypertension in pregnancy. The dependent variable was neonatal head circumference. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test and presented as odds ratios (OR), 95% confidence intervals (CI), and p-values. Results: There was no significant association between hypertension in pregnancy and neonatal head circumference (OR = 1.485; 95% CI = 0.429 to 5.143; p = 0.531). High BMI was significantly associated with hypertension in pregnancy (OR= 4.636; p = 0.003). Conclusion: Hypertension in pregnancy was not significantly related to neonatal head circumference. However, maternal nutritional status was significantly associated with hypertension in pregnancy.
The Impact of Stunting on Children's Intelligence Levels in Indonesia: An Analysis of Indonesian Family Life Survey
Background: Stunting reflects chronic malnutrition during early growth and may have long-term effects on cognitive development, including memory, decision-making, and problem-solving abilities. This study aimed to examine the effect of stunting on children’s intelligence levels. Subjects and Method: A prospective longitudinal analytical study was conducted using secondary data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) IV (2007/2008) and V (2014/2015). The study included 848 children aged 0–5 years with nutritional data in IFLS IV and cognitive data in IFLS V, matched using the Personal Identification Link (PIDLINK). Stunting was defined as height-for-age z-score <-2 SD. Intelligence was measured using Raven’s Progressive Matrices (RPM). Demographic, socioeconomic, health, and sanitation variables were also analyzed. Data was assessed using independent t-tests, Pearson’s correlation, and multiple linear regression. Results: The incidence of stunting was found to be 16.2%. The average age of children in this study was 2.83 (SD= 1.57) years, a small number of children were born prematurely (3.7%), most of them (77.6%) had complete immunization status and no history of chronic illness (60.5%), 42% children came from poor families, most children whose unemployed parents (89.4%). The cognitive scores of stunted children were lower than those without stunting (Mean= 53.1; SD= 22.55 vs. Mean= 64.8; SD= 21.38; p=0.001). Cognitive scores were also related to the child's age, parental education and occupation, economic status, and immunization. Stunting status was not significantly associated with children's intelligence. Children's intelligence levels were associated with child's age, maternal education, and paternal occupation. Conclusion: Improving children's intelligence levels should not only focus on improving nutritional status, but also need to consider family social factors, improving parental education and the caregiving environment.
Predictors of Primary Postpartum Haemorrhage in a Tertiary Teaching Hospital in Ekiti State, Nigeria: A Facility-Based Analytical Study
Background: Postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) is a major contributor to maternal morbidity and mortality, especially in LMICs. Identifying context-specific predictors in tertiary facilities supports targeted prevention, early detection, and timely first-response care bundles consistent with contemporary guidance. Subjects and Method: This prospective facility-based analytical cohort study evaluated associations between socio-demographic characteristics, antepartum risk factors, and labour events with occurrence of PPH among 308 parturients at Ekiti State University Teaching hospital. Bivariate associations were assessed using chi-square tests, and independent predictors were modelled using binary logistic regression with adjusted odds ratios (aOR), 95% confidence intervals (CI), and p-values interpreted at α=0.05. Results: Thirty women developed PPH (9.7%) at Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital. Also, ethnicity was the only socio-demographic factor associated with PPH (p=0.047). Obstetric and intrapartum variables showed strong associations. In multivariable analysis, gravidity 3–4 (aOR 8.15; p=0.001), parturients who have been pregnant more than four times (aOR 59.40; p<0.001), grand multiparity (aOR 16.875; p<0.001), fetal macrosomia (aOR 12.63; p<0.001), uterine fibroids (aOR 2.95; p=0.024), antepartum haemorrhage (aOR 22.91; p<0.001), prolonged labour (aOR 13.65; p<0.001), labour duration >12 hours (aOR 15.33; p=0.003), perineal tear (aOR 10.43; p<0.001), birthweight >4.0 kg (aOR 13.02; p<0.001), and accumulation of ≥2 or ≥3 risk factors (aOR 5.00 and 43.81; p=0.010 and <0.001) independently predicted PPH. Conclusion: In this tertiary hospital cohort, PPH risk was driven primarily by high gravidity/parity, placental-bleeding antecedents, macrosomia, and labour duration/trauma variables. Therefore, risk-factor triggered preparedness and objective early detection with rapid bundled response are warranted for high-risk parturients.
postpartum haemorrhage, predictors, risk factors, tertiary hospital, Nigeria
Risk Factors for Prolonged Hospitalization in Children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and Pneumonia
Background: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a common malignancy in children, particularly those aged 2-5 years. Disease-related immunosuppression and chemotherapy side effects increase the risk of infection. Pneumonia is the foremost common complication amid chemotherapy in children with ALL. Length of hospitalization is an indicator of pneumonia severity, but there is insufficient evidence to determine the risk factors for prolonged of hospitalization in pediatric patients with ALL. The objective of this study was to analyze the risk factors for prolonged of hospitalization in pediatric pneumonia patients with ALL. Subjects and Methods: A cross-sectional study involving 50 pediatric ALL patients with pneumonia aged 1 month to <18 years. Patients diagnosed with Covid-19, discharged from the ward at their own request, incomplete medical record documentation, and those who died during treatment were excluded. Proposed risk factors for prolonged of hospitalization include neutropenia, anemia, malnutrition, time of diagnosis, complications, and antibiotic type. Data analysis used chi-square/Fisher exact test and binary logistic regression. Result: Most patients were ≥6 years old (64%) with a mean of age 7.4 years, male (60%), had anemia (74%), and were malnourished (56%). Neutropenia was found in 38% of patients, more than half were in the induction chemotherapy phase, and the majority were in the high-risk stratification (82%). The mean of hospitalization was 13.94 days. Patients reaching hospital was promptly in most subjects (62%), antibiotics were used according to WHO standards (72%), the majority had no complications (96%), and showed positive culture results (86%) with the most common type of microorganism was Klebsiella pneumoniae (20%). Conclusion: Nutritional status and duration prior to seeking care were independent risk factors for prolonged of hospitalization in pediatric patients with pneumonia and ALL. The predictive power of duration prior to seeking care was more dominant than nutritional status.
Prolonged of hospitalization, risk factor, pneumonia, ALL
Neonatal Mortality and Associated Factors among Neonates in Kiryandongo Refugee Settlement, Western Uganda
Background: Death of a live-born baby within the first 28 days of life remains a critical global public health concern, particularly in low- and middle-income countries such as in sub-Saharan African, where refugee settlements often show higher varying neonatal mortality rates. This study aimed at assessing neonatal mortality rate and associated factors among neonates in Kiryandongo Refugee Settlement, Western Uganda. Subjects and Method: The study used a facility based retrospective cross-sectional design involving all neonates (0-28days) admitted over a 5-year study period at Panyadoli Hospital. A total of 510 records of neonatal admissions selected using systematic sampling. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the factors associated with neonatal mortality and odds ratio was used as a measure of association. All statistical tests were two-tailed and p-value less than 0.05 were considered significant. Results: The neonatal death rate was 43 per 1,000 admissions. Neonatal mortality was significantly higher among mothers aged 25–34 years (aOR= 3.85; 95% CI= 1.74 to 8.90; p= 0.038) and ≥35 years (aOR= 7.88; 95% CI= 1.01 to 15.29; p= 0.049). It was also significant to those mothers delivering at home or in the community (aOR= 7.72; 95% CI= 2.04 to 31.45; p= 0.011), and those with pregnancy complications (aOR= 3.6; 95% CI= 1.93 to 8.14; p <0.001). Conversely, skilled birth attendance (aOR= 0.49; 95% CI= 0.21 to 0.69; p= 0.047) and an Apgar score of 4–6 at 1 minute (aOR= 0.12; 95% CI= 0.03 to 0.44; p= 0.002) were identified as protective factors. Conclusion: This study found a high neonatal mortality rate of 43 deaths per 1,000 admissions, highlighting the urgent need to strengthen antenatal, intrapartum, and postnatal/postpartum maternal and neonatal care to improve neonatal survival.
Socio-cultural Factors Influencing the Incidence of Stunting among Children Under Five in the Tengger Tribe, East Java, Indonesia
Background: Indications of stunting incidence in toddlers of the Tengger Tribe in East Java, related to socio-cultural practices in daily life that have an impact on health conditions and nutritional fulfillment of toddlers. This study aims to analyze the socio-cultural factors that affect the incidence of stunting in Tengger Tribe toddlers in East Java. Subjects and Method: This study is a qualitative research with a phenomenological approach. The research was conducted at the Lumajang Regency Health, Population Control, and Family Planning Office (P2KB), Senduro District Office, Senduro Health Center, and Ranupani Village. A total of 9 key informants, including the head of nutrition and public health, the head of population and family planning, the head of the Senduro Health Center, nutritionists, village midwives, family planning field officers of Senduro District, the head of the Ranupani Village government, the traditional shaman of the Tengger Tribe, and the baby shaman. A total of 9 mothers of toddlers as the main informants and 9 supporting informants were purposively sampling, including family members, cadres, health care officers, and sanitarians. Data collection was carried out through interviews, observations, and documentation, then analyzed using the Miles and Huberman interactive model. Results: The study showed limited maternal knowledge about the health conditions and growth of toddlers. Traditional shamans play an important role in social decision-making, while gender equality affects the workload of mothers in economic activities. The parenting and care of toddlers is influenced by the cultural practices of the Tengger Tribe which are still strongly attached to daily life, as well as the environmental conditions of mountain communities who mostly depend on the agricultural sector for their livelihoods. Belief in ancestral spirits influences health decisions, through restrictions on maternal activity and mobility during pregnancy and after childbirth, as well as dietary restrictions that are believed to have adverse effects on pregnancy and toddlers. Conclusion: The incidence of stunting in toddlers of the Tengger Tribe is related to socio-cultural factors which include maternal knowledge, social interaction patterns, toddler parenting patterns, and belief in ancestral spirits in health decision-making.
Determinants of Chronic Energy Deficiency in Pregnancy at Lebak Wangi Community Health Center, Banten, Indonesia
Background: Malnutrition during pregnancy increases the risk of anemia, hypertension, miscarriage, fetal death, and causes low birthweight and fetal growth disorders that have a long-term impact on quality of life and health costs. Understanding and analyzing the problem of chronic energy deficiency in pregnant women based on comprehensive determinants is indispensable in order to design appropriate policies and treatment actions. This study aims to analyze the influence of the determinants of the incidence of chronic energy deficiency in pregnant women. Subjects and Method: This is a case control study conducted at the "Lebak Wangi" Health Center in Serang-Banten, Indonesia, in November 2025. The sample in this study was 105 pregnant women divided into 2 groups of cases, namely 53 pregnant women who suffered from chronic energy deficiency and a control group of 52 pregnant women with normal nutritional conditions. The exposure variable in this study is chronic energy deficiency). Independent variables were maternal age, gestational age, parity, education, economic status, haemoglobin level, and body mass index. The instrument research was master table. The analysis was carried out by multiple logistic regression. Results: Mothers with a lean body mass index are more likely to experience chronic energy deficiency up to 4.7 times more than mothers with a normal and statistically significant body mass index (aOR= 4.70; 95%CI= 0.34 to 0.83; p <0.001). Older gestational age has a 3.5 times smaller chance of chronic energy deficiency than younger gestational age and is statistically significant (aOR= -3.55; 95%CI= -2.61 to -0.75; p<0.001). Conclusion: The factors that have a significant influence in the case of SEZs are body mass index and gestational age.
Determinants of Low Birth Weight at Dr. Moewardi Hospital, Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia
Background: Low birth weight (LBW) is a major cause of infant and neonatal mortality in Indonesia. Data from the 2022 Nutritional Status Survey and the 2023 Indonesia Health Survey reported an increase in the prevalence of LBW from 5.9% to 6.1%. Records from Dr. Moewardi General Hospital, Indonesia, also show a rise in the number of LBW cases, from 392 cases in 2023 to 412 cases in 2024. This study examines the effects of maternal education, household income, antenatal care (ANC), anemia during pregnancy, preeclampsia, and chronic energy deficiency (CED) on the incidence of LBW at Dr. Moewardi hospital. Subjects and Method: This quantitative study employed a case–control design. The research was conducted at Dr. Moewardi hospital and included 100 infants with low birth weight and 100 infants with normal birth weight, selected using fixed-disease and random sampling methods. The dependent variable was LBW. The independent variables were maternal education, household income, ANC, anemia during pregnancy, preeclampsia, and CED. Data were collected through questionnaires and medical records, and analyzed using simple logistic regression and path analysis. Results: LBW was directly associated with maternal CED (b= 0.79; 95% CI= 0.08 to 1.51; p= 0.028), maternal anemia (b= 0.91; 95% CI= 0.17 to 1.65; p= 0.015), and preeclampsia (b= 1.45; 95% CI= 0.77 to 2.13; p < 0.001). LBW was indirectly influenced by ANC visits, family income, and maternal education. The path model demonstrated good fit indices (AIC= 1221.24; BIC= 1283.91). Conclusion: LBW directly increases with maternal CED, maternal anemia, and preeclampsia. LBW indirectly affects by ANC visit, family income, and maternal education.
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Maternal and Child Health
Effect of Acupressure with Cardamom Massage Oil on the Severity of Common Cold in Children Aged 3-5 Years
Background: The common cold is one of the most common infectious diseases in toddlers and can reduce their comfort and activity. Non-pharmacological treatments, such as acupressure, are becoming increasingly popular because they are considered safe and can enhance the immune response. Cardamom massage oil contains bioactive compounds thought to help relieve symptoms and improve immune function. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of acupressure with cardamom oil on the severity of the common cold in toddlers aged 3-5 years, based on temperature and Immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels. Subjects and Methods: This study used a true experimental design and a pretest-posttest with a control group. The study was conducted at the Purwokerto Timur I Community Health Center in November 2025. A total of 32 subjects were divided into two groups: (1) The intervention group was given acupressure intervention group with cardamom oil for 30 minutes/day for 5 days (n = 16), and (2) The control group was given control group given Dextromethorphan, Pseudoephedrine, CTM, Paracetamol, and Vitamin C (n = 16). The dependent variables were body temperature and IgA levels. The independent variables were acupressure with cardamom oil and Dextromethorphan, Pseudo­ephedrine, CTM, Paracetamol, and Vitamin C. Body temperature is measured using a thermometer. IgA levels were measured using an ELISA kit. Data were analyzed by Paired t-tests. Results: The average body temperature in the intervention group after acupressure with cardamom oil was lower (Mean = 36.7; SD = 0.23) compared to before the intervention (Mean = 38.1; SD = 0.29) and was statistically significant (p <0.001). The average IgA levels in the intervention group after acupressure with cardamom oil were higher (Mean = 52.91; SD = 19.94) than before the intervention (Mean = 31.64; SD = 16.49) and were statistically significant (p<0.001). Conclusion: Acupressure with cardamom oil has been shown to be effective for the common cold by lowering body temperature and increasing IgA levels in toddlers aged 3-5 years.
Effectiveness of Cau Raja (Green Grass Jelly with Red Ginger Flavor) on Blood Pressure in Pregnant Women with Hypertension
Background: Hypertension in pregnancy is a global health problem that can increase the risk of complications for the mother and fetus. Cau Raja is a combination of 100 grams of Green Grass Jelly (Cyclea barbata Miers) and 25 mg of dried Red Ginger (Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum), containing 24 mg of flavonoids and 107 mg of potassium. These compounds can lower blood pressure in pregnant women with mild hypertension. The purpose of this study was to prove the effectiveness of Cau Raja in reducing blood pressure in pregnant women with mild hypertension. Subjects and Methods: This study used a True Experimental and Pretest-Posttest with Control Group Design. The study location was Purwokerto Timur I Community Health Center. Data collection was conducted in November 2025. The intervention group consisted of 250 ml of Cau Raja (green grass jelly with red ginger flavor) for 14 days and a control group given therapy according to SOP. The dependent variable studied was blood pressure, and the independent variables were Cau Raja (green grass jelly with red ginger flavor) and therapy according to SOP. The analysis technique used a Paired Sample T-Test. Results: The average systolic blood pressure in the intervention group after being given Cau Raja (green grass jelly with red ginger flavor) was lower (Mean = 118.88; SD = 7.16) compared to before the intervention (Mean = 129.81; SD = 4.96) and was statistically significant (p <0.001). The average diastolic blood pressure in the intervention group after being given Cau Raja (green grass jelly with red ginger flavor) was lower (Mean = 76.50; SD = 5.36) compared to before the intervention (Mean = 83.94; SD = 4.37) and was statistically significant (p <0.001). Conclusion: Giving Cau Raja (green grass jelly with red ginger flavor) has been proven to be effective in lowering blood pressure in pregnant women with mild hypertension, so it can be used as a safe and practical non-pharmacological therapy alternative.
Effect of Moringa oleifera Leaf and Arachis hypogaea Flour Biscuit Supplementation on Breast Milk Production in Breastfeeding Mothers
Background: Breastfeeding mothers often experience problems in providing exclusive breastfeed­ing, one of which is complaints about insufficient milk production. One safe and easy-to-use non-pharmacological treatment is moringa leaves and peanuts, which contain flavonoids and essential minerals that stimulate the production of the hormones oxytocin and prolactin. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of supplementing Moringa leaf and peanut flour biscuits on breast milk production in breastfeeding mothers. Subjects and Method: This study used a quasi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest with control group design. The study location was in the community of Palu health office. Data collection was conducted from October to November 2025. The study consisted of two groups: an intervention group receiving 100 g of moringa leaf and peanut flour biscuits once daily for 14 days, and a control group receiving nutrition education for breastfeeding mothers. The dependent variables were infant weight, bowel movements, and urination. The independent variables were supplementation with moringa leaf and peanut flour biscuits and nutrition education for breastfeeding mothers. The analysis technique used was Friedman and Man Whitney. Results: The average weight of infants in the intervention group after being given moringa leaf and peanut flour biscuit supplementation was higher (Mean = 3775.1; SD = 455.5) than before the intervention (Mean = 3353.5; SD = 442.2) and was statistically significant (p <0.001). The average number of bowel movements in the intervention group after being given moringa leaf and peanut flour biscuit supplementation was higher (Mean = 3.6; SD = 0.50) than before the intervention (Mean = 2.95; SD = 0.51) and was statistically insignificant (p = 0.305). The average number of urinations in the intervention group after being given moringa leaf and peanut flour biscuit supplementation was higher (Mean = 6.75; SD = 0.91) than before the intervention (Mean = 5.50; SD = 0.607) and was statistically significant (p = 0.015). Conclusion: Supplementation with moringa leaf flour biscuits and peanuts has been proven effective in increasing breast milk production in breastfeeding mothers, making it a safe and practical non-pharmacological therapy alternative.
Effect of Pregnancy Classes Plus Early Warning System on Postpartum Hemorrhage Prevention and Self-Efficacy
Background: Postpartum hemorrhage, defined as blood loss exceeding 500 ml after delivery, is a leading cause of maternal mortality in Indonesia. This condition can lead to serious consequences, including anemia, shock, and even death if not treated promptly and appropriately. Prevention efforts include educating pregnant women about early detection and preventive measures. One intervention is the implementation of pregnancy classes plus an Early Warning System (EWS) as a learning tool to improve mothers' self-efficacy and actions in preventing postpartum hemorrhage. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of pregnancy classes plus an early warning system on actions and self-efficacy in preventing postpartum hemorrhage. Subjects and Methods: This study used a True Experiment with a Pretest-Posttest with Control Group Design. The study location was the Gayamsari Community Health Center in Semarang City. Data collection was conducted from June to July 2025. The intervention group consisted of two groups: the intervention group, which received the pregnancy class with an Early Warning System (EWS), and the control group, which received a standard pregnancy class. The dependent variables studied were women's postpartum hemorrhage prevention practices and self-efficacy, while the independent variable was the early warning system (EWS) class. The analysis technique used was the Wilcoxon test. Results: Women in the intervention group reported higher postpartum hemorrhage prevention practices after the EWS class (median = 20; min-max = 13-20) compared to before the intervention (median = 10; min-max = 3-14) and was statistically significant (p <0.001). Women in the intervention group reported higher postpartum hemorrhage prevention practices after the EWS class (median = 52; min-max = 40-60) compared to before the intervention (median = 25; min-max = 20-35) and was statistically significant (p <0.001). Conclusion: The EWS class and early warning system have been shown to be effective in increasing postpartum hemorrhage prevention practices and efficacy, making them a safe and practical alternative for promotive and preventive interventions.
Effectiveness of Young Papaya Fruit Extract on Prolactin Hormone and Infant Body Weight
Background: Breast milk is the best nutrition for infants. Successful exclusive breastfeeding during the first six months of life optimizes growth, cognitive development, and strengthens the infant's immune system. Prolactin, which affects breast milk production, remains a barrier to exclusive breastfeeding. One approach is to utilize natural lactagogic ingredients such as unripe papaya (Carica papaya L.). The purpose of this study was to analyze and demonstrate the effectiveness of unripe papaya extract on increasing prolactin levels and infant weight in breastfeeding mothers. Subjects and Methods: This study used a quasi-experimental design with a two-group pretest-posttest design. The study location was the Danasari Community Health Center, Bojong District, Tegal Regency. Data collection was conducted from July to August 2025. The intervention group consisted of 1000 mg/day of unripe papaya extract, UHT milk, and boiled eggs for 7 days, and the control group received nursing care, UHT milk, and boiled eggs for 7 days. The dependent variables studied were prolactin hormone and infant weight, and the independent variables were unripe papaya extract, milk, and boiled eggs. Analysis techniques used were the Wilcoxon test and the Paired Sample T-Test. Results: The average prolactin hormone level in the intervention group after administration of unripe papaya extract was higher (Mean = 199.70; SD = 72.57) than before the intervention (Mean = 174.50; SD = 64.08) and was statistically significant (p = 0.002). The average infant weight in the intervention group after administration of unripe papaya extract was higher (Mean = 5631.50; SD = 987.73) than before the intervention (Mean = 5313.75; SD = 1025.04) and was statistically significant (p = 0.000). Conclusion: Administration of unripe papaya extract has been shown to be effective in increasing prolactin hormone levels in breastfeeding mothers and infant weight.
Effectiveness of Lemongrass Gel on Pain Intensity and Salivary Cortisol Levels in Adolescent Girls with Primary Dysmenorrhea
Background: Primary dysmenorrhea is menstrual pain caused by increased prostaglandins, which cause excessive uterine contractions. This condition is often experienced by adolescent girls and can cause stress and increased cortisol levels. One safe and easy-to-use non-pharmacological treatment is lemongrass gel (Cymbopogon citratus), which contains essential oils such as citral and geraniol, which have analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antispasmodic properties. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of lemongrass gel on pain intensity and salivary cortisol levels in adolescent girls with primary dysmenorrhea. Subjects and Method: This was a randomized controlled trial. The study location was State Vocational High School 11 of Semarang. Data collection was conducted from June to July 2025. The intervention group was given 2 grams of 5% lemongrass gel twice daily for 3 days, and the control group was given hot cream. The dependent variables studied were pain intensity and salivary cortisol levels, while the independent variables were lemongrass gel and analgesic cream (Hot Cream). The analysis technique used a paired sample t-test. Results: The mean pain intensity in the intervention group after being given lemongrass gel was lower (Mean= 2.55; SD= 1.15) compared to before the intervention (Mean= 8.30; SD= 1.13) and was statistically significant (p <0.001). The average salivary cortisol level in the intervention group after being given lemongrass gel was lower (Mean= 12.15; SD= 3.30) compared to before the intervention (Mean= 21.91; SD= 8.05) and was statistically significant (p=0.008). Conclusion: The application of 5% lemongrass gel was proven to be effective in reducing pain intensity and salivary cortisol levels in adolescent girls with primary dysmenorrhea, making it a safe and practical non-pharmacological therapy alternative.
The Effect of Soybean Milk (Glycine Max L.) on Reducing Blood Pressure and Cholesterol Levels in Women of Reproductive Age
Background: Women of reproductive age often experience problems with blood pressure and cholesterol levels. Therefore, researchers innovated in an effort to stabilize blood pressure and cholesterol levels in women of reproductive age by providing an intervention of soy milk. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of soy milk administration on reducing blood pressure and cholesterol levels in women of reproductive age. Subjects and Methods: This study used a Quasi-Experimental design with Pretest-Posttest Control. The research location was the Pangaribuan Community Health Center, Pangaribuan District, North Tapanuli Regency. Data collection was conducted in June 2025. The two groups consisted of an intervention group receiving 40 grams of soy milk and a control group receiving education on blood pressure and cholesterol levels. The dependent variables studied were blood pressure and cholesterol levels, and the independent variable was soy milk. The analysis techniques used were Repeated Measures ANOVA and Paired Sample T-Test. Results: The average systolic blood pressure in the intervention group after being given soy milk was lower (Mean= 133.92; SD= 10.20) compared to before the intervention (Mean= 143.82; SD= 5.48) and was statistically significant (p <0.001), the average diastolic blood pressure in the intervention group after being given soy milk was lower (Mean= 86.88; SD= 5.08) compared to before the intervention (Mean= 92.88; SD= 5.44) and was statistically significant (p <0.001), the average cholesterol level in the intervention group after being given soy milk was lower (Mean= 232.94; SD= 7.56) compared to before the intervention (Mean= 261.24; SD= 13.27) and was statistically significant (p <0.001). Conclusion: Soy milk is effective in lowering systolic and diastolic blood pressure and cholesterol levels in women of childbearing age.
Gadget, Parenting Style, Work Stress, and Toddler Speech Delay:A Retrospective Analysis in Industrial Area of Bekasi
Background: Speech delay affects around 20% of toddlers in Indonesia and is prevalent in industrial areas where parents face long working hours. This study aimed to analyze the relationship of screen time, parenting style, and parental work stress with speech delay in toddlers. Subjects and Method: This retrospective case-control study was conducted in Bekasi industrial area, August- September 2025. A total of 60 toddlers (13 with speech delay, 47 controls) were selected purposively. Speech delay was diagnosed using Denver II and MacArthur-Bates CDI. Inde¬pendent variables included screen time, parenting style, and work stress, measured with validated questionnaires. Data were analyzed using Chi-square and logistic regression. Results: The prevalence of speech delay was 21.7%. Screen time >1 hour/day was significantly associated with a higher risk of speech delay (OR=13.61; 95% CI=3.21 to 28.94; p=0.002). High parental work stress also increased the risk (OR=10.84; 95% CI=2.13 to 21.77; p=0.013). Parenting style showed no significant association (OR=2.73; p=0.233). Qualitative analysis revealed six themes including digital parenting, alternative stimulation, interactions that limit work stress, responsive vs. permissive parenting, awareness and intervention, and socioeconomic influences. Conclusion: Excessive screen time and parental work stress are dominant risk factors for toddler speech delay in industrial families. Prevention efforts should focus on digital literacy for parents, responsive parenting, and stress management programs at community and workplace levels.